The research time span covered by the report is from 2019 to 2030; it provides an overview of the Global Enbrel (Etanercept) and Biosimilar Market and also provides a deeper in-depth segmentation of the market by regions, product type and downstream industries.
The global Enbrel (Etanercept) and Biosimilar market size in 2023 is xx million US dollars, and it is expected to be xx million US dollars by 2030, with a compound annual growth rate of xx% expected in 2024-2030.
MARKET COMPETITIVE LANDSCAPE:
The main players in the Enbrel (Etanercept) and Biosimilar market include Pfizer, Amgen, Samsung Bioepis, Novartis, and 3s Bio. The share of the top 3 players in the Enbrel (Etanercept) and Biosimilar market is xx%.
REGION SHARE:
The report covers the market size information of North America, Europe, Asia Pacific, Latin America, Middle East and Africa, and North America accounted for xx%, Europe accounted for xx% of Enbrel (Etanercept) and Biosimilar market, and Asia Pacific accounted for xx%.
SEGMENT OVERVIEW:
The report segments the market by Type and Application. Syringe accounted for xx% of Enbrel (Etanercept) and Biosimilar market in 2023. Pen share of xx%.
Hospital accounted for xx% of the Enbrel (Etanercept) and Biosimilar market in 2023. Pharmacy accounts for xx%.
For competitive landscape, prominent players with considerable market shares are comprehensively analyzed in this report. With information regarding the concentration ratio and detailed data reflecting the market performance of each player shared, the readers can acquire a holistic view of the competitive situation and a better understanding of their competitors.
As the COVID-19 takes over the world, we are continuously tracking the changes in the markets. We analyzed the impact of the pandemic in detail, along with other key factors, such as macro-economy, regional conflicts, industry related news and policies. Meanwhile, market investment scenario, technology status and developments, supply chain challenges, among other essential research elements are all covered.
Key Factors Considered:
COVID-19
The report describes the market scenario during and post the pandemic in the vision of upstream, major market participants, downstream major customers, etc. Other aspects, such as changes in consumer behavior, demand, transport capacity, trade flow under COVID-19, have also been taken into consideration during the process of the research.
Regional Conflict / Russia-Ukraine War
The report also presents the impact of regional conflict on this market in an effort to aid the readers to understand how the market has been adversely influenced and how it”s going to evolve in the years to come.
Challenges & Opportunities
Factors that may help create opportunities and boost profits for market players, as well as challenges that may restrain or even pose a threat to the development of the players, are revealed in the report, which can shed a light on strategic decisions and implementation.
Chapter Outline
Chapter 1: Introduces the product overview, market scope, product classification, application, and regional division, and then includes inflation analysis, the impact of the Russo-Ukrainian war on the market, and the global impact of the coronavirus disease (COVID-19).
Chapter 2: Analysis of the competitive environment of Enbrel (Etanercept) and Biosimilar market participants. This mainly includes the revenue, production, market share, and average price of the top players, along with the players” M&A and expansion in recent years.
Chapter 3: Analyzes the main companies in the Enbrel (Etanercept) and Biosimilar industry, including their main businesses, products/services, production, prices, value, gross margin, and the latest developments.
Chapters 4-5: Segmented the global Enbrel (Etanercept) and Biosimilar market by type, and application. Analyze the value, volume and price of market segments from different perspectives.
Chapters 6-7: Provide global Enbrel (Etanercept) and Biosimilar market production status, consumption status and SWOT Analysis by region.
Chapter 8: Analyzes the Enbrel (Etanercept) and Biosimilar industry chain, including raw material analysis, sales and marketing, distributors and major downstream buyers.
Chapter 9: Introduces the market dynamics, the trends factors and drivers factors of the market, and the challenges and restraints faced by manufacturers in the industry, and includes market technology analysis.
Chapter 10: The main points and conclusions of the report.
Chapter 11: Concludes with an explanation of the data sources and research methods.
Highlights-Regions
North America
United States
Canada
Europe
Germany
France
UK
Italy
Russia
Spain
Nordic
Asia Pacific
China
Japan
South Korea
India
Southeast Asia
Australia
Latin America
Brazil
Mexico
Argentina
Middle East & Africa
Egypt
South Africa
UAE
Turkey
Saudi Arabia
Player list
Pfizer
Amgen
Samsung Bioepis
Novartis
3s Bio
Lupin
Types list
Syringe
Pen
Application list
Hospital
Pharmacy
Other
Table of Content
1 Study Coverage
1.1 Enbrel (Etanercept) and Biosimilar Product Introduction
1.2 Market by Type
1.2.1 Global Enbrel (Etanercept) and Biosimilar Market Size Growth Rate by Type, 2019 VS 2024 VS 2030
1.3 Market by Application
1.3.1 Global Enbrel (Etanercept) and Biosimilar Market Size Growth Rate by Application, 2019 VS 2024 VS 2030
1.4 Study Objectives
1.5 Years Considered
1.6 Inflation Analysis
1.7 The Impact of the Russian-Ukrainian War on the Market
1.8 Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) Impact on Global
2 Competition by Players
2.1 Global Enbrel (Etanercept) and Biosimilar Production by Players
2.1.1 Global Enbrel (Etanercept) and Biosimilar Production by Players (2019-2024)
2.1.2 Global Enbrel (Etanercept) and Biosimilar Production Market Share by Players (2019-2024)
2.1.3 Global Top 5 and Top 10 Largest Players of Enbrel (Etanercept) and Biosimilar in 2024
2.2 Global Enbrel (Etanercept) and Biosimilar Revenue by Players
2.2.1 Global Enbrel (Etanercept) and Biosimilar Revenue by Players (2019-2024)
2.2.2 Global Enbrel (Etanercept) and Biosimilar Revenue Market Share by Players (2019-2024)
2.2.3 Global Top 5 and Top 10 Companies by Enbrel (Etanercept) and Biosimilar Revenue in 2024
2.3 Global Enbrel (Etanercept) and Biosimilar Production Price by Players
2.4 Analysis of Competitive Landscape
2.4.1 Players Market Concentration Ratio (CR5)
2.4.2 Global Enbrel (Etanercept) and Biosimilar Players Geographical Distribution
2.5 Mergers & Acquisitions, Expansion Plans
3 Company Overview
3.1 Pfizer
3.1.1 Pfizer Information
3.1.2 Pfizer Overview
3.1.3 Pfizer Enbrel (Etanercept) and Biosimilar Production, Price, Value and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
3.1.4 Pfizer Related Developments
3.2 Amgen
3.2.1 Amgen Information
3.2.2 Amgen Overview
3.2.3 Amgen Enbrel (Etanercept) and Biosimilar Production, Price, Value and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
3.2.4 Amgen Related Developments
3.3 Samsung Bioepis
3.3.1 Samsung Bioepis Information
3.3.2 Samsung Bioepis Overview
3.3.3 Samsung Bioepis Enbrel (Etanercept) and Biosimilar Production, Price, Value and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
3.3.4 Samsung Bioepis Related Developments
3.4 Novartis
3.4.1 Novartis Information
3.4.2 Novartis Overview
3.4.3 Novartis Enbrel (Etanercept) and Biosimilar Production, Price, Value and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
3.4.4 Novartis Related Developments
3.5 3s Bio
3.5.1 3s Bio Information
3.5.2 3s Bio Overview
3.5.3 3s Bio Enbrel (Etanercept) and Biosimilar Production, Price, Value and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
3.5.4 3s Bio Related Developments
3.6 Lupin
3.6.1 Lupin Information
3.6.2 Lupin Overview
3.6.3 Lupin Enbrel (Etanercept) and Biosimilar Production, Price, Value and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
3.6.4 Lupin Related Developments
4 Market Size by Type
4.1 Global Enbrel (Etanercept) and Biosimilar Production by Type
4.1.1 Global Enbrel (Etanercept) and Biosimilar Production by Type (2019-2024)
4.1.2 Global Enbrel (Etanercept) and Biosimilar Forecasted Production by Type (2024-2030)
4.2 Global Enbrel (Etanercept) and Biosimilar Value by Type
4.2.1 Global Enbrel (Etanercept) and Biosimilar Value by Type (2019-2024)
4.2.2 Global Enbrel (Etanercept) and Biosimilar Forecasted Value by Type (2024-2030)
4.3 Global Enbrel (Etanercept) and Biosimilar Price by Type
4.3.1 Global Enbrel (Etanercept) and Biosimilar Price by Type (2019-2024)
4.3.2 Global Enbrel (Etanercept) and Biosimilar Price Forecast by Type (2024-2030)
5 Market Size by Application
5.1 Global Enbrel (Etanercept) and Biosimilar Consumption by Application
5.1.1 Global Enbrel (Etanercept) and Biosimilar Consumption by Application (2019-2024)
5.1.2 Global Enbrel (Etanercept) and Biosimilar Forecasted Consumption by Application (2024-2030)
5.2 Global Enbrel (Etanercept) and Biosimilar Revenue by Application
5.2.1 Global Enbrel (Etanercept) and Biosimilar Revenue by Application (2019-2024)
5.2.2 Global Enbrel (Etanercept) and Biosimilar Forecasted Revenue by Application (2024-2030)
5.3 Global Enbrel (Etanercept) and Biosimilar Price by Application
5.3.1 Global Enbrel (Etanercept) and Biosimilar Price by Application (2019-2024)
5.3.2 Global Enbrel (Etanercept) and Biosimilar Price Forecast by Application (2024-2030)
6 Global Enbrel (Etanercept) and Biosimilar Production
6.1 Global Enbrel (Etanercept) and Biosimilar Production (2019-2030)
6.2 Global Enbrel (Etanercept) and Biosimilar Production by Region: 2019 VS 2024 VS 2030
6.3 Global Enbrel (Etanercept) and Biosimilar Production by Region
6.3.1 Global Enbrel (Etanercept) and Biosimilar Historic Production by Region (2019-2024)
6.3.2 Global Enbrel (Etanercept) and Biosimilar Historic Value by Region (2019-2024)
6.3.3 Global Enbrel (Etanercept) and Biosimilar Forecasted Production by Region (2024-2030)
6.3.4 Global Enbrel (Etanercept) and Biosimilar Forecasted Value by Region (2024-2030)
6.4 North America
6.4.1 North America Enbrel (Etanercept) and Biosimilar Production, Price, Value and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
6.4.2 North America SWOT Analysis
6.5 Europe
6.5.1 Europe Enbrel (Etanercept) and Biosimilar Production, Price, Value and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
6.5.2 Europe SWOT Analysis
6.6 China
6.6.1 China Enbrel (Etanercept) and Biosimilar Production, Price, Value and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
6.6.2 China SWOT Analysis
6.7 Japan
6.7.1 Japan Enbrel (Etanercept) and Biosimilar Production, Price, Value and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
6.7.2 Japan SWOT Analysis
7 Global Enbrel (Etanercept) and Biosimilar Market Insights Estimates and Forecasts
7.1 Global Enbrel (Etanercept) and Biosimilar Sales Estimates and Forecasts 2019-2030
7.2 Global Enbrel (Etanercept) and Biosimilar Sales by Region: 2019 VS 2024 VS 2030
7.3 Global Enbrel (Etanercept) and Biosimilar Sales by Region
7.3.1 Global Enbrel (Etanercept) and Biosimilar Sales by Region (2019-2024)
7.3.2 Global Enbrel (Etanercept) and Biosimilar Sales by Region (2024-2030)
7.4 North America
7.4.1 North America Enbrel (Etanercept) and Biosimilar Sales by Country (2019-2030)
7.4.2 U.S.
7.4.3 Canada
7.5 Europe
7.5.1 Europe Enbrel (Etanercept) and Biosimilar Sales by Country (2019-2030)
7.5.2 Germany
7.5.3 France
7.5.4 U.K.
7.5.5 Italy
7.5.6 Russia
7.6 Asia-Pacific
7.6.1 Asia Pacific Enbrel (Etanercept) and Biosimilar Sales by Region (2019-2030)
7.6.2 China
7.6.3 Japan
7.6.4 South Korea
7.6.5 India
7.6.6 Southeast Asia
7.6.7 Australia
7.7 Latin America
7.7.1 Latin America Enbrel (Etanercept) and Biosimilar Sales by Country (2019-2030)
7.7.2 Mexico
7.7.3 Brazil
7.8 Middle East & Africa
7.8.1 Middle East and Africa Enbrel (Etanercept) and Biosimilar Sales by Country (2019-2030)
7.8.2 Turkey
7.8.3 Saudi Arabia
7.8.4 U.A.E
8 Value Chain and Channels Analysis
8.1 Enbrel (Etanercept) and Biosimilar Value Chain Analysis
8.2 Enbrel (Etanercept) and Biosimilar Key Raw Materials
8.2.1 Key Raw Materials
8.2.2 Raw Materials Key Suppliers
8.3 Enbrel (Etanercept) and Biosimilar Production Mode & Process
8.4 Enbrel (Etanercept) and Biosimilar Sales and Marketing
8.4.1 Enbrel (Etanercept) and Biosimilar Sales Channels
8.4.2 Enbrel (Etanercept) and Biosimilar Distributors
8.5 Enbrel (Etanercept) and Biosimilar Customers
9 Market Drivers, Opportunities, Challenges and Risks Factors Analysis
9.1 Enbrel (Etanercept) and Biosimilar Industry Trends
9.2 Enbrel (Etanercept) and Biosimilar Market Drivers
9.3 Enbrel (Etanercept) and Biosimilar Market Challenges
9.4 Enbrel (Etanercept) and Biosimilar Market Restraints
9.5 Enbrel (Etanercept) and Biosimilar Market Technology Analysis
10 Research Findings and Conclusion
11 Methodology and Data Source
11.1 Methodology
11.1.1 Research Process
11.1.2 Market Size Estimation
11.1.3 Market Breakdown and Data Triangulation
11.2 Data Source
11.2.1 Legal Disclaimer
List of Tables and Figures
Figure Enbrel (Etanercept) and Biosimilar Picture
Table Product Definition of Enbrel (Etanercept) and Biosimilar
Table Global Enbrel (Etanercept) and Biosimilar Market Size Growth Rate by Type, 2019 VS 2024 VS 2030
Table Global Enbrel (Etanercept) and Biosimilar Market Size Growth Rate by Application, 2019 VS 2024 VS 2030
Figure Years Considered
Table Inflation Analysis
Table The Impact of the Russian-Ukrainian War on the Market
Figure (COVID-19) Impact on Global Economic Growth 2019, 2020, 2021
Figure Population infected by the Covid-19 of Major Countries
Table Global Enbrel (Etanercept) and Biosimilar Production by Players (2019-2024)
Table Global Enbrel (Etanercept) and Biosimilar Production Market Share by Players (2019-2024)
Figure Top 5 Largest Players of Enbrel (Etanercept) and Biosimilar in 2024
Figure Top 10 Largest Players of Enbrel (Etanercept) and Biosimilar in 2024
Table Global Enbrel (Etanercept) and Biosimilar Revenue by Players (2019-2024)
Table Global Enbrel (Etanercept) and Biosimilar Revenue Market Share by Players (2019-2024)
Figure Top 5 Largest Players of Enbrel (Etanercept) and Biosimilar in 2024
Figure Top 10 Largest Players of Enbrel (Etanercept) and Biosimilar in 2024
Table Global Enbrel (Etanercept) and Biosimilar Production Price by Players
Table Players Market Concentration Ratio (CR5)
Table Global Enbrel (Etanercept) and Biosimilar Players Geographical Distribution
Table Mergers & Acquisitions, Expansion Plans
Table Company Profiles
Table Pfizer Overview
Table Pfizer Production, Price, Value, Gross, Gross Margin 2019-2024
Table Pfizer Related Developments
Table Company Profiles
Table Amgen Overview
Table Amgen Production, Price, Value, Gross, Gross Margin 2019-2024
Table Amgen Related Developments
Table Company Profiles
Table Samsung Bioepis Overview
Table Samsung Bioepis Production, Price, Value, Gross, Gross Margin 2019-2024
Table Samsung Bioepis Related Developments
Table Company Profiles
Table Novartis Overview
Table Novartis Production, Price, Value, Gross, Gross Margin 2019-2024
Table Novartis Related Developments
Table Company Profiles
Table 3s Bio Overview
Table 3s Bio Production, Price, Value, Gross, Gross Margin 2019-2024
Table 3s Bio Related Developments
Table Company Profiles
Table Lupin Overview
Table Lupin Production, Price, Value, Gross, Gross Margin 2019-2024
Table Lupin Related Developments
Table Global Enbrel (Etanercept) and Biosimilar Production by Type (2019-2024)
Table Global Enbrel (Etanercept) and Biosimilar Production Share by Type (2019-2024)
Table Global Enbrel (Etanercept) and Biosimilar Forecasted Production by Type (2024-2030)
Table Global Enbrel (Etanercept) and Biosimilar Forecasted Production Share by Type (2024-2030)
Table Global Enbrel (Etanercept) and Biosimilar Value by Type (2019-2024)
Table Global Enbrel (Etanercept) and Biosimilar Value Share by Type (2019-2024)
Table Global Enbrel (Etanercept) and Biosimilar Forecasted Value by Type (2024-2030)
Table Global Enbrel (Etanercept) and Biosimilar Forecasted Value Share by Type (2024-2030)
Table Global Enbrel (Etanercept) and Biosimilar Price by Type (2019-2024)
Table Global Enbrel (Etanercept) and Biosimilar Price Forecast by Type (2024-2030)
Table Global Enbrel (Etanercept) and Biosimilar Consumption by Application (2019-2024)
Table Global Enbrel (Etanercept) and Biosimilar Consumption Share by Application (2019-2024)
Table Global Enbrel (Etanercept) and Biosimilar Forecasted Consumption by Application (2024-2030)
Table Global Enbrel (Etanercept) and Biosimilar Forecasted Consumption Share by Application (2024-2030)
Table Global Enbrel (Etanercept) and Biosimilar Revenue by Application (2019-2024)
Table Global Enbrel (Etanercept) and Biosimilar Revenue Share by Application (2019-2024)
Table Global Enbrel (Etanercept) and Biosimilar Forecasted Revenue by Application (2024-2030)
Table Global Enbrel (Etanercept) and Biosimilar Forecasted Revenue Share by Application (2024-2030)
Table Global Enbrel (Etanercept) and Biosimilar Price by Application (2019-2024)
Table Global Enbrel (Etanercept) and Biosimilar Price Forecast by Application (2024-2030)
Figure Global Enbrel (Etanercept) and Biosimilar Production (2019-2030)
Figure Global Enbrel (Etanercept) and Biosimilar Value (2019-2030)
Table Global Enbrel (Etanercept) and Biosimilar Production by Region: 2019 VS 2024 VS 2030
Table Global Enbrel (Etanercept) and Biosimilar Historic Production by Region (2019-2024)
Table Global Enbrel (Etanercept) and Biosimilar Historic Production Share by Region (2019-2024)
Table Global Enbrel (Etanercept) and Biosimilar Historic Value by Region (2019-2024)
Table Global Enbrel (Etanercept) and Biosimilar Historic Value Share by Region (2019-2024)
Table Global Enbrel (Etanercept) and Biosimilar Forecasted Production by Region (2024-2030)
Table Global Enbrel (Etanercept) and Biosimilar Forecasted Production Share by Region (2024-2030)
Table Global Enbrel (Etanercept) and Biosimilar Forecasted Value by Region (2024-2030)
Table Global Enbrel (Etanercept) and Biosimilar Forecasted Value Share by Region (2024-2030)
Figure North America Enbrel (Etanercept) and Biosimilar Production (2019-2030)
Figure North America Enbrel (Etanercept) and Biosimilar Value (2019-2030)
Table North America Production, Price, Value, Gross, Gross Margin 2019-2024
Table SWOT Analysis
Figure Europe Enbrel (Etanercept) and Biosimilar Production (2019-2030)
Figure Europe Enbrel (Etanercept) and Biosimilar Value (2019-2030)
Table Europe Production, Price, Value, Gross, Gross Margin 2019-2024
Table SWOT Analysis
Figure China Enbrel (Etanercept) and Biosimilar Production (2019-2030)
Figure China Enbrel (Etanercept) and Biosimilar Value (2019-2030)
Table China Production, Price, Value, Gross, Gross Margin 2019-2024
Table SWOT Analysis
Figure Japan Enbrel (Etanercept) and Biosimilar Production (2019-2030)
Figure Japan Enbrel (Etanercept) and Biosimilar Value (2019-2030)
Table Japan Production, Price, Value, Gross, Gross Margin 2019-2024
Table SWOT Analysis
Figure Global Enbrel (Etanercept) and Biosimilar Sales Estimates and Forecasts 2019-2030
Table Global Enbrel (Etanercept) and Biosimilar Sales by Region: 2019 VS 2024 VS 2030
Table Global Enbrel (Etanercept) and Biosimilar Sales by Region (2019-2024)
Table Global Enbrel (Etanercept) and Biosimilar Sales Share by Region (2019-2024)
Table Global Enbrel (Etanercept) and Biosimilar Sales by Region (2024-2030)
Table Global Enbrel (Etanercept) and Biosimilar Sales Share by Region (2024-2030)
Figure North America Enbrel (Etanercept) and Biosimilar Sales (2019-2030)
Table North America Enbrel (Etanercept) and Biosimilar Sales by Country (2019-2030)
Table North America Enbrel (Etanercept) and Biosimilar Sales Share by Country (2019-2030)
Figure United States Enbrel (Etanercept) and Biosimilar Sales Market Size (2019-2030)
Figure Canada Enbrel (Etanercept) and Biosimilar Sales Market Size (2019-2030)
Figure Europe Enbrel (Etanercept) and Biosimilar Sales (2019-2030)
Table Europe Enbrel (Etanercept) and Biosimilar Sales by Country (2019-2030)
Table Europe Enbrel (Etanercept) and Biosimilar Sales Share by Country (2019-2030)
Figure Germany Enbrel (Etanercept) and Biosimilar Sales Market Size (2019-2030)
Figure France Enbrel (Etanercept) and Biosimilar Sales Market Size (2019-2030)
Figure U.K. Enbrel (Etanercept) and Biosimilar Sales Market Size (2019-2030)
Figure Italy Enbrel (Etanercept) and Biosimilar Sales Market Size (2019-2030)
Figure Russia Enbrel (Etanercept) and Biosimilar Sales Market Size (2019-2030)
Figure Asia-Pacific Enbrel (Etanercept) and Biosimilar Sales (2019-2030)
Table Asia Pacific Enbrel (Etanercept) and Biosimilar Sales by Region (2019-2030)
Table Asia Pacific Enbrel (Etanercept) and Biosimilar Sales Share by Region (2019-2030)
Figure China Enbrel (Etanercept) and Biosimilar Sales Market Size (2019-2030)
Figure Japan Enbrel (Etanercept) and Biosimilar Sales Market Size (2019-2030)
Figure South Korea Enbrel (Etanercept) and Biosimilar Sales Market Size (2019-2030)
Figure India Enbrel (Etanercept) and Biosimilar Sales Market Size (2019-2030)
Figure Southeast Asia Enbrel (Etanercept) and Biosimilar Sales Market Size (2019-2030)
Figure Australia Enbrel (Etanercept) and Biosimilar Sales Market Size (2019-2030)
Figure Latin America Enbrel (Etanercept) and Biosimilar Sales (2019-2030)
Table Latin America Enbrel (Etanercept) and Biosimilar Sales by Country (2019-2030)
Table Latin America Enbrel (Etanercept) and Biosimilar Sales Share by Country (2019-2030)
Figure Mexico Enbrel (Etanercept) and Biosimilar Sales Market Size (2019-2030)
Figure Brazil Enbrel (Etanercept) and Biosimilar Sales Market Size (2019-2030)
Figure Middle East & Africa Enbrel (Etanercept) and Biosimilar Sales (2019-2030)
Table Middle East and Africa Enbrel (Etanercept) and Biosimilar Sales by Country (2019-2030)
Table Middle East and Africa Enbrel (Etanercept) and Biosimilar Sales Share by Country (2019-2030)
Figure Turkey Enbrel (Etanercept) and Biosimilar Sales Market Size (2019-2030)
Figure Saudi Arabia Enbrel (Etanercept) and Biosimilar Sales Market Size (2019-2030)
Figure U.A.E Enbrel (Etanercept) and Biosimilar Sales Market Size (2019-2030)
Table Raw Material
Table Raw Materials Key Suppliers
Figure Sales Channels
Table Major Distributors of Enbrel (Etanercept) and Biosimilar with Contact Information
Table Major Customers of Enbrel (Etanercept) and Biosimilar with Contact Information
Table Research Process
Figure Bottom-up and Top-down Approaches for This Report