In terms of market side, this report researches the Pharmacovigilance System revenue, growth rate, market share by manufacturers, by type, by application and by region (region level and country level), from 2019 to 2024, and forecast to 2030.

The global Pharmacovigilance System market size in 2023 is XX million US dollars, and it is expected to be XX million US dollars by 2030, with a compound annual growth rate of XX% expected in 2024-2030.

MARKET COMPETITIVE LANDSCAPE:
The main players in the Pharmacovigilance System market include SciencePharma, Biomapas, MedSci Healthcare, Tigermed, and Oracle. The share of the top 3 players in the Pharmacovigilance System market is XX%.

REGION SHARE:
The report covers the market size information of North America, Europe, Asia Pacific, Latin America, Middle East and Africa, and North America accounted for XX%, Europe accounted for XX% of Pharmacovigilance System market, and Asia Pacific accounted for XX%.

SEGMENT OVERVIEW:
The report segments the market by Type and Application. Risk Management accounted for XX% of Pharmacovigilance System market in 2023. Signals Intelligence share of XX%.
Pharmaceutical and Biotech Companies accounted for XX% of the Pharmacovigilance System market in 2023. Pharmaceutical Research and Development Institutions accounts for XX%.

Report Includes:
This report presents an overview of global market for Pharmacovigilance System. Analyses of the global market trends, with historic market revenue data for 2019 - 2023, estimates for 2024, and projections of CAGR through 2030.
This report researches the key players of Pharmacovigilance System, also provides the consumption of main regions and countries. Highlights of the upcoming market potential for Pharmacovigilance System, and key regions/countries of focus to forecast this market into various segments and sub-segments. Country specific data and market value analysis for the U.S., Canada, Mexico, Brazil, China, Japan, South Korea, Southeast Asia, India, Germany, the U.K., Italy, Middle East, Africa, and Other Countries.

This report focuses on the Pharmacovigilance System market share and industry ranking of main players, data from 2019 to 2024. Identification of the major stakeholders in the global Pharmacovigilance System market, and analysis of their competitive landscape and market positioning based on recent developments and segmental revenues. This report will help stakeholders to understand the competitive landscape and gain more insights and position their businesses and market strategies in a better way.

This report analyzes the segments data by Type and by Application, from 2019 to 2030. Evaluation and forecast the market size for Pharmacovigilance System sales, projected growth trends, technology, application and end-user industry.

Chapter Outline
Chapter 1: Introduces the product overview, market scope, economic analysis of global regions, and industry dynamic analysis, and then includes inflation analysis, the impact of the Russo-Ukrainian war on the market, and the global impact of the coronavirus disease (COVID-19).
Chapters 2-4: Segmented the global Pharmacovigilance System market by type, application and region. Analyze the revenue, sales and price of market segments from different perspectives.
Chapters 5-9: Provide North America, Europe, Asia-Pacific, Latin America and Middle East & Africa Pharmacovigilance System market region sales and revenue data, and includes PEST Analysis.
Chapter 10: Analysis of the competitive environment of Pharmacovigilance System market participants. This mainly includes the revenue, sales, market share, and average price of the top players, along with the players” M&A and New Entrants and Expansion Plans.
Chapter 11: Analyzes the main companies in the Pharmacovigilance System industry, including their main businesses, products/services, sales, prices, revenue, gross margin, and the latest developments.
Chapter 12: Analyzes the Pharmacovigilance System manufacturing cost, including raw material analysis, manufacturing cost structure, and industrial chain.
Chapter 13: Analyzes the Pharmacovigilance System industry chain, including marketing channels, distributors and major downstream buyers.
Chapters 14-16: Provide detailed Pharmacovigilance System market forecast data, broken down by type, application, and region to help understand future growth trends.
Chapter 17: The main points and conclusions of the report.
Chapter 18: Concludes with an explanation of the data sources and research methods.

Highlights-Regions
North America
United States
Canada
Europe
Germany
France
UK
Italy
Russia
Spain
Nordic
Asia Pacific
China
Japan
South Korea
India
Southeast Asia
Australia
Latin America
Brazil
Mexico
Argentina
Middle East & Africa
Egypt
South Africa
UAE
Turkey
Saudi Arabia

Player list
SciencePharma
Biomapas
MedSci Healthcare
Tigermed
Oracle
Clinflash
Prime vigilance
ProPharma
Accenture
SGS
Taimei Technology
Beijing Huashi Kangyuan Medical Technology

Types list
Risk Management
Signals Intelligence
Summary Report

Application list
Pharmaceutical and Biotech Companies
Pharmaceutical Research and Development Institutions
Others

Table of Content

1 Pharmacovigilance System Market Introduction and Overview
1.1 Pharmacovigilance System Definition
1.2 Research Purposes
1.3 Report Timeline
1.4 Economic Analysis of Global Regions
1.5 Pharmacovigilance System Industry Dynamic Analysis
1.5.1 Pharmacovigilance System Market Trends Analysis
1.5.2 Pharmacovigilance System Market Drivers Analysis
1.5.3 Pharmacovigilance System Market Challenges Analysis
1.5.4 Pharmacovigilance System Market Restraints Analysis
1.6 Inflation Analysis
1.7 The Impact of the Russian-Ukrainian War on the Market
1.8 Coronavirus Disease 2020 (COVID-19) Impact on Global
2 Global Pharmacovigilance System Market Insights by Type
2.1 Market Size Insights by Types
2.2 Global Pharmacovigilance System Revenue and Share by Type
2.3 Global Pharmacovigilance System Sales and Share by Type
3 Global Pharmacovigilance System Market Insights by Application
3.1 Market Size Insights by Application
3.2 Global Pharmacovigilance System Revenue and Share by Application (2019-2024)
3.3 Global Pharmacovigilance System Sales and Share by Application (2019-2024)
4 Global Market Growth Insights
4.1 Global Pharmacovigilance System Market Size (2019-2024)
4.2 Pharmacovigilance System Growth Insights by Regions
4.2.1 Pharmacovigilance System Market Size by Regions: 2019 VS 2024 VS 2030
4.2.2 Pharmacovigilance System Revenue Market Size by Regions (2019-2024)
4.2.3 Pharmacovigilance System Sales Market Size by Regions (2019-2024)
4.2.4 North America Pharmacovigilance System Market Size (2019-2024)
4.2.5 Europe Pharmacovigilance System Market Size (2019-2024)
4.2.6 Asia-Pacific Pharmacovigilance System Market Size (2019-2024)
4.2.7 Latin America Pharmacovigilance System Market Size (2019-2024)
4.2.8 Middle East & Africa Pharmacovigilance System Market Size (2019-2024)
5 North America
5.1 North America Pharmacovigilance System Revenue by Countries
5.1.1 North America Pharmacovigilance System Revenue by Countries (2019-2024)
5.1.2 North America Pharmacovigilance System Sales by Countries (2019-2024)
5.2 North America PEST Analysis
5.3 United States
5.4 Canada
6 Asia Pacific
6.1 Asia Pacific Pharmacovigilance System Revenue by Countries
6.1.1 Asia Pacific Pharmacovigilance System Revenue by Countries (2019-2024)
6.1.2 Asia Pacific Pharmacovigilance System Sales by Countries (2019-2024)
6.2 Asia-Pacific PEST Analysis
6.3 China
6.4 Japan
6.5 Korea
6.6 Southeast Asia
6.7 India
6.8 Australia
7 Europe
7.1 Europe Pharmacovigilance System Revenue by Countries
7.1.1 Europe Pharmacovigilance System Revenue by Countries (2019-2024)
7.1.2 Europe Pharmacovigilance System Sales by Countries (2019-2024)
7.2 Europe PEST Analysis
7.3 Germany
7.4 France
7.5 UK
7.6 Italy
7.7 Russia
7.8 Spain
7.9 Nordic
8 Latin America
8.1 Latin America Pharmacovigilance System Revenue by Countries
8.1.1 Latin America Pharmacovigilance System Revenue by Countries (2019-2024)
8.1.2 Latin America Pharmacovigilance System Sales by Countries (2019-2024)
8.2 Latin America PEST Analysis
8.3 Brazil
8.4 Argentina
8.5 Mexico
9 Middle East & Africa
9.1 Middle East & Africa Pharmacovigilance System Revenue by Countries
9.1.1 Middle East & Africa Pharmacovigilance System Revenue by Countries (2019-2024)
9.1.2 Middle East & Africa Pharmacovigilance System Sales by Countries (2019-2024)
9.2 Middle East & Africa PEST Analysis
9.3 Egypt
9.4 South Africa
9.5 UAE
9.6 Turkey
9.7 Saudi Arabia
10 Global Pharmacovigilance System Market Competition, by Players
10.1 Global Pharmacovigilance System Revenue and Market Share by Players
10.2 Market Concentration Rate
10.2.1 Top 3 Pharmacovigilance System Players Market Share in 2023
10.2.2 Top 6 Pharmacovigilance System Players Market Share in 2023
10.2.3 Market Competition Trend
10.3 Pharmacovigilance System Players Head Office, Business Provided
10.4 Pharmacovigilance System Mergers & Acquisitions
10.5 Pharmacovigilance System New Entrants and Expansion Plans
11 Players Profiles
11.1 SciencePharma
11.1.1 SciencePharma Company Profile
11.1.2 Pharmacovigilance System Product Overview
11.1.3 SciencePharma Pharmacovigilance System Market Performance (2019-2024)
11.1.4 SciencePharma Business Overview
11.1.5 Recent Developments and Plans
11.2 Biomapas
11.2.1 Biomapas Company Profile
11.2.2 Pharmacovigilance System Product Overview
11.2.3 Biomapas Pharmacovigilance System Market Performance (2019-2024)
11.2.4 Biomapas Business Overview
11.2.5 Recent Developments and Plans
11.3 MedSci Healthcare
11.3.1 MedSci Healthcare Company Profile
11.3.2 Pharmacovigilance System Product Overview
11.3.3 MedSci Healthcare Pharmacovigilance System Market Performance (2019-2024)
11.3.4 MedSci Healthcare Business Overview
11.3.5 Recent Developments and Plans
11.4 Tigermed
11.4.1 Tigermed Company Profile
11.4.2 Pharmacovigilance System Product Overview
11.4.3 Tigermed Pharmacovigilance System Market Performance (2019-2024)
11.4.4 Tigermed Business Overview
11.4.5 Recent Developments and Plans
11.5 Oracle
11.5.1 Oracle Company Profile
11.5.2 Pharmacovigilance System Product Overview
11.5.3 Oracle Pharmacovigilance System Market Performance (2019-2024)
11.5.4 Oracle Business Overview
11.5.5 Recent Developments and Plans
11.6 Clinflash
11.6.1 Clinflash Company Profile
11.6.2 Pharmacovigilance System Product Overview
11.6.3 Clinflash Pharmacovigilance System Market Performance (2019-2024)
11.6.4 Clinflash Business Overview
11.6.5 Recent Developments and Plans
11.7 Prime vigilance
11.7.1 Prime vigilance Company Profile
11.7.2 Pharmacovigilance System Product Overview
11.7.3 Prime vigilance Pharmacovigilance System Market Performance (2019-2024)
11.7.4 Prime vigilance Business Overview
11.7.5 Recent Developments and Plans
11.8 ProPharma
11.8.1 ProPharma Company Profile
11.8.2 Pharmacovigilance System Product Overview
11.8.3 ProPharma Pharmacovigilance System Market Performance (2019-2024)
11.8.4 ProPharma Business Overview
11.8.5 Recent Developments and Plans
11.9 Accenture
11.9.1 Accenture Company Profile
11.9.2 Pharmacovigilance System Product Overview
11.9.3 Accenture Pharmacovigilance System Market Performance (2019-2024)
11.9.4 Accenture Business Overview
11.9.5 Recent Developments and Plans
11.10 SGS
11.10.1 SGS Company Profile
11.10.2 Pharmacovigilance System Product Overview
11.10.3 SGS Pharmacovigilance System Market Performance (2019-2024)
11.10.4 SGS Business Overview
11.10.5 Recent Developments and Plans
11.11 Taimei Technology
11.11.1 Taimei Technology Company Profile
11.11.2 Pharmacovigilance System Product Overview
11.11.3 Taimei Technology Pharmacovigilance System Market Performance (2019-2024)
11.11.4 Taimei Technology Business Overview
11.11.5 Recent Developments and Plans
11.12 Beijing Huashi Kangyuan Medical Technology
11.12.1 Beijing Huashi Kangyuan Medical Technology Company Profile
11.12.2 Pharmacovigilance System Product Overview
11.12.3 Beijing Huashi Kangyuan Medical Technology Pharmacovigilance System Market Performance (2019-2024)
11.12.4 Beijing Huashi Kangyuan Medical Technology Business Overview
11.12.5 Recent Developments and Plans
12 Pharmacovigilance System Manufacturing Cost Analysis
12.1 Pharmacovigilance System Key Raw Materials Analysis
12.1.1 Key Raw Materials
12.1.2 Price Trend of Key Raw Materials
12.1.3 Key Suppliers of Raw Materials
12.2 Proportion of Manufacturing Cost Structure
12.2.1 Raw Materials
12.2.2 Labor Cost
12.2.3 Manufacturing Expenses
12.3 Manufacturing Process Analysis of Pharmacovigilance System
12.4 Pharmacovigilance System Industrial Chain Analysis
13 Market Channel, Distributors, Traders and Dealers
13.1 Market Channel Status
13.1.1 Direct Marketing
13.1.2 Indirect Marketing
13.2 Pharmacovigilance System Typical Distributors
13.3 Pharmacovigilance System Typical Customers
14 Global Pharmacovigilance System Forecast Market Insights by Type
14.1 Global Pharmacovigilance System Revenue Market Forecast by Type (2024-2030)
14.2 Global Pharmacovigilance System Sales Market Forecast by Type (2024-2030)
15 Global Pharmacovigilance System Forecast Market Insights by Application
15.1 Pharmacovigilance System Revenue Market Forecast by Application (2024-2030)
15.2 Pharmacovigilance System Sales Market Forecast by Application (2024-2030)
16 Global Market Growth Forecast Insights
16.1 Global Pharmacovigilance System Forecast Market Size (2024-2030)
16.2 Pharmacovigilance System Growth Forecast Insights by Regions
16.2.1 Pharmacovigilance System Revenue Forecast Market Size by Regions (2024-2030)
16.2.2 Pharmacovigilance System Sales Forecast Market Size by Regions (2024-2030)
16.2.3 North America Pharmacovigilance System Forecast Market Size (2024-2030)
16.2.4 Europe Pharmacovigilance System Forecast Market Size (2024-2030)
16.2.5 Asia-Pacific Pharmacovigilance System Forecast Market Size (2024-2030)
16.2.6 Latin America Pharmacovigilance System Forecast Market Size (2024-2030)
16.2.7 Middle East & Africa Pharmacovigilance System Forecast Market Size (2024-2030)
17 Research Findings and Conclusion
18 Methodology and Data Source
18.1 A Methodology
18.1.1 Research Process
18.1.2 Market Size Estimation
18.1.3 Market Breakdown and Data Triangulation
18.2 B Data Source
18.2.1 Legal Disclaimer

List of Tables and Figures

Figure Pharmacovigilance System Picture
Table Product Definition of Pharmacovigilance System
Table Global Pharmacovigilance System Market Size Growth Rate by Type, 2019 VS 2024 VS 2030
Table Global Pharmacovigilance System Market Size Growth Rate by Application, 2019 VS 2024 VS 2030
Figure Years Considered
Table Inflation Analysis
Table The Impact of the Russian-Ukrainian War on the Market
Figure (COVID-19) Impact on Global Economic Growth 2019, 2020, 2021
Figure Population infected by the Covid-19 of Major Countries
Table Global Pharmacovigilance System Production by Players (2019-2024)
Table Global Pharmacovigilance System Production Market Share by Players (2019-2024)
Figure Top 5 Largest Players of Pharmacovigilance System in 2024
Figure Top 10 Largest Players of Pharmacovigilance System in 2024
Table Global Pharmacovigilance System Revenue by Players (2019-2024)
Table Global Pharmacovigilance System Revenue Market Share by Players (2019-2024)
Figure Top 5 Largest Players of Pharmacovigilance System in 2024
Figure Top 10 Largest Players of Pharmacovigilance System in 2024
Table Global Pharmacovigilance System Production Price by Players
Table Players Market Concentration Ratio (CR5)
Table Global Pharmacovigilance System Players Geographical Distribution
Table Mergers & Acquisitions, Expansion Plans
Table Company Profiles
Table SciencePharma Overview
Table SciencePharma Production, Price, Value, Gross, Gross Margin 2019-2024
Table SciencePharma Related Developments
Table Company Profiles
Table Biomapas Overview
Table Biomapas Production, Price, Value, Gross, Gross Margin 2019-2024
Table Biomapas Related Developments
Table Company Profiles
Table MedSci Healthcare Overview
Table MedSci Healthcare Production, Price, Value, Gross, Gross Margin 2019-2024
Table MedSci Healthcare Related Developments
Table Company Profiles
Table Tigermed Overview
Table Tigermed Production, Price, Value, Gross, Gross Margin 2019-2024
Table Tigermed Related Developments
Table Company Profiles
Table Oracle Overview
Table Oracle Production, Price, Value, Gross, Gross Margin 2019-2024
Table Oracle Related Developments
Table Company Profiles
Table Clinflash Overview
Table Clinflash Production, Price, Value, Gross, Gross Margin 2019-2024
Table Clinflash Related Developments
Table Company Profiles
Table Prime vigilance Overview
Table Prime vigilance Production, Price, Value, Gross, Gross Margin 2019-2024
Table Prime vigilance Related Developments
Table Company Profiles
Table ProPharma Overview
Table ProPharma Production, Price, Value, Gross, Gross Margin 2019-2024
Table ProPharma Related Developments
Table Company Profiles
Table Accenture Overview
Table Accenture Production, Price, Value, Gross, Gross Margin 2019-2024
Table Accenture Related Developments
Table Company Profiles
Table SGS Overview
Table SGS Production, Price, Value, Gross, Gross Margin 2019-2024
Table SGS Related Developments
Table Company Profiles
Table Taimei Technology Overview
Table Taimei Technology Production, Price, Value, Gross, Gross Margin 2019-2024
Table Taimei Technology Related Developments
Table Company Profiles
Table Beijing Huashi Kangyuan Medical Technology Overview
Table Beijing Huashi Kangyuan Medical Technology Production, Price, Value, Gross, Gross Margin 2019-2024
Table Beijing Huashi Kangyuan Medical Technology Related Developments
Table Global Pharmacovigilance System Production by Type (2019-2024)
Table Global Pharmacovigilance System Production Share by Type (2019-2024)
Table Global Pharmacovigilance System Forecasted Production by Type (2024-2030)
Table Global Pharmacovigilance System Forecasted Production Share by Type (2024-2030)
Table Global Pharmacovigilance System Value by Type (2019-2024)
Table Global Pharmacovigilance System Value Share by Type (2019-2024)
Table Global Pharmacovigilance System Forecasted Value by Type (2024-2030)
Table Global Pharmacovigilance System Forecasted Value Share by Type (2024-2030)
Table Global Pharmacovigilance System Price by Type (2019-2024)
Table Global Pharmacovigilance System Price Forecast by Type (2024-2030)
Table Global Pharmacovigilance System Consumption by Application (2019-2024)
Table Global Pharmacovigilance System Consumption Share by Application (2019-2024)
Table Global Pharmacovigilance System Forecasted Consumption by Application (2024-2030)
Table Global Pharmacovigilance System Forecasted Consumption Share by Application (2024-2030)
Table Global Pharmacovigilance System Revenue by Application (2019-2024)
Table Global Pharmacovigilance System Revenue Share by Application (2019-2024)
Table Global Pharmacovigilance System Forecasted Revenue by Application (2024-2030)
Table Global Pharmacovigilance System Forecasted Revenue Share by Application (2024-2030)
Table Global Pharmacovigilance System Price by Application (2019-2024)
Table Global Pharmacovigilance System Price Forecast by Application (2024-2030)
Figure Global Pharmacovigilance System Production (2019-2030)
Figure Global Pharmacovigilance System Value (2019-2030)
Table Global Pharmacovigilance System Production by Region: 2019 VS 2024 VS 2030
Table Global Pharmacovigilance System Historic Production by Region (2019-2024)
Table Global Pharmacovigilance System Historic Production Share by Region (2019-2024)
Table Global Pharmacovigilance System Historic Value by Region (2019-2024)
Table Global Pharmacovigilance System Historic Value Share by Region (2019-2024)
Table Global Pharmacovigilance System Forecasted Production by Region (2024-2030)
Table Global Pharmacovigilance System Forecasted Production Share by Region (2024-2030)
Table Global Pharmacovigilance System Forecasted Value by Region (2024-2030)
Table Global Pharmacovigilance System Forecasted Value Share by Region (2024-2030)
Figure North America Pharmacovigilance System Production (2019-2030)
Figure North America Pharmacovigilance System Value (2019-2030)
Table North America Production, Price, Value, Gross, Gross Margin 2019-2024
Table SWOT Analysis
Figure Europe Pharmacovigilance System Production (2019-2030)
Figure Europe Pharmacovigilance System Value (2019-2030)
Table Europe Production, Price, Value, Gross, Gross Margin 2019-2024
Table SWOT Analysis
Figure China Pharmacovigilance System Production (2019-2030)
Figure China Pharmacovigilance System Value (2019-2030)
Table China Production, Price, Value, Gross, Gross Margin 2019-2024
Table SWOT Analysis
Figure Japan Pharmacovigilance System Production (2019-2030)
Figure Japan Pharmacovigilance System Value (2019-2030)
Table Japan Production, Price, Value, Gross, Gross Margin 2019-2024
Table SWOT Analysis
Figure Global Pharmacovigilance System Sales Estimates and Forecasts 2019-2030
Table Global Pharmacovigilance System Sales by Region: 2019 VS 2024 VS 2030
Table Global Pharmacovigilance System Sales by Region (2019-2024)
Table Global Pharmacovigilance System Sales Share by Region (2019-2024)
Table Global Pharmacovigilance System Sales by Region (2024-2030)
Table Global Pharmacovigilance System Sales Share by Region (2024-2030)
Figure North America Pharmacovigilance System Sales (2019-2030)
Table North America Pharmacovigilance System Sales by Country (2019-2030)
Table North America Pharmacovigilance System Sales Share by Country (2019-2030)
Figure United States Pharmacovigilance System Sales Market Size (2019-2030)
Figure Canada Pharmacovigilance System Sales Market Size (2019-2030)
Figure Europe Pharmacovigilance System Sales (2019-2030)
Table Europe Pharmacovigilance System Sales by Country (2019-2030)
Table Europe Pharmacovigilance System Sales Share by Country (2019-2030)
Figure Germany Pharmacovigilance System Sales Market Size (2019-2030)
Figure France Pharmacovigilance System Sales Market Size (2019-2030)
Figure U.K. Pharmacovigilance System Sales Market Size (2019-2030)
Figure Italy Pharmacovigilance System Sales Market Size (2019-2030)
Figure Russia Pharmacovigilance System Sales Market Size (2019-2030)
Figure Asia-Pacific Pharmacovigilance System Sales (2019-2030)
Table Asia Pacific Pharmacovigilance System Sales by Region (2019-2030)
Table Asia Pacific Pharmacovigilance System Sales Share by Region (2019-2030)
Figure China Pharmacovigilance System Sales Market Size (2019-2030)
Figure Japan Pharmacovigilance System Sales Market Size (2019-2030)
Figure South Korea Pharmacovigilance System Sales Market Size (2019-2030)
Figure India Pharmacovigilance System Sales Market Size (2019-2030)
Figure Southeast Asia Pharmacovigilance System Sales Market Size (2019-2030)
Figure Australia Pharmacovigilance System Sales Market Size (2019-2030)
Figure Latin America Pharmacovigilance System Sales (2019-2030)
Table Latin America Pharmacovigilance System Sales by Country (2019-2030)
Table Latin America Pharmacovigilance System Sales Share by Country (2019-2030)
Figure Mexico Pharmacovigilance System Sales Market Size (2019-2030)
Figure Brazil Pharmacovigilance System Sales Market Size (2019-2030)
Figure Middle East & Africa Pharmacovigilance System Sales (2019-2030)
Table Middle East and Africa Pharmacovigilance System Sales by Country (2019-2030)
Table Middle East and Africa Pharmacovigilance System Sales Share by Country (2019-2030)
Figure Turkey Pharmacovigilance System Sales Market Size (2019-2030)
Figure Saudi Arabia Pharmacovigilance System Sales Market Size (2019-2030)
Figure U.A.E Pharmacovigilance System Sales Market Size (2019-2030)
Table Raw Material
Table Raw Materials Key Suppliers
Figure Sales Channels
Table Major Distributors of Pharmacovigilance System with Contact Information
Table Major Customers of Pharmacovigilance System with Contact Information
Table Research Process
Figure Bottom-up and Top-down Approaches for This Report